Gum exudates are polysaccharides produced by the trunks and branches of plants as a defense mechanism against harmful agents. The easy extraction and limited harm to plants during harvest make gum exudates attractive for new applications, particularly in healthcare. This review focuses on the potential uses and effects of the major polysaccharides extracted from plant exudates on the digestive system. Gum arabic, cashew, angic, Boswellia, karaya, odina, tragacanth, ghatti, Prunus cerasoides D. Don, Rosaceae, khaya, albizia, and hakea gums have potential for drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and diverse effects on digestive organs and accessory glands, including promoting satiety, aiding protein digestion, and regulating blood glucose levels. Additionally, some exudates protect and repair the mouth and esophageal tissues by acting as gastroprotectants and preserving or repairing the intestinal mucosa. Gum exudates may also exhibit antidiarrheal, anticonstipating, prebiotic, and bifidogenic properties, while enhancing intestinal absorption of vitamins and nutrients and promoting microbiota balance. Finally, some gums have shown hepatoprotective and mucoadhesive activities. We conclude that the polysaccharides extracted from plant exudates are promising alternatives for formulations to preserve and repair gastrointestinal tract health. These natural solutions offer a sustainable approach to promote health and well-being and minimize environmental impacts.Graphical Abstract: