The LES and nutrient resorption are thought to jointly modulate leaf litter traits, including the litter decomposition, but it is unknown how the two factors affect the temperature sensitivity of litter decomposition (Q10). The Q10 of litter decomposition was evaluated for 15 co-occurring subtropical woody species under laboratory conditions. The LES of these species, as well as species-specific N (NRE) and P resorption efficiency (PRE) during leaf senescence, were also determined. Results showed that the Q10 values were significantly correlated to LES, with litters from resource-conservative species having higher Q10 values than those from resource-acquisitive species. Among the parameters characterizing LES, leaf N concentration, C:N ratio, and lignin:N ratio were correlated to Q10, whereas leaf P and lignin concentrations, specific leaf area, and C:P ratio showed no relationships. The LES was correlated to litter C:N and lignin:N ratios, and, in turn, litter C:N and lignin:N ratios were correlated to Q10. This result suggested that LES affects litter quality and thus the Q10 of litter decomposition. However, NRE and PRE were not correlated to Q10. In addition, the LES effects on litter quality and the Q10 of decomposition did not depend on nutrient resorption, as indicated by the lack of correlation between LES and NRE or PRE. Our results reveal an association between plant functional features and forest C dynamics in a warmer future.