Osteoinductive characteristics of new osteoplastic materials based on demineralized bone matrix of xenogenic origin with high and controlled degree of purification were studied on the model of regeneration of critical-size cranial defects in rats using modern approaches, including histological analysis, evaluation of morphological parameters of the bone tissue obtained by micro-computed tomography, and estimation of bone tissue growth rate using in vivo fluorochrome label. Demineralized bone matrix and, to a much greater extent, its activated form containing modified recombinant growth factor rhBMP-2 with high content of the dimeric form exhibited osteoinductive activity.