Parkinsonʼs disease results from degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the consequent dysfunction of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. Serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways are also affected. However, It has been recognized that nondopaminergic and non-motor symptoms are sometimes present prior to diagnosis and these inevitably emerge with disease progression, impacting on morbidity, quality of life and mortality. The non-motor symptoms of Parkinsonʼs disease continue to be poorly recognized and inadequately treated in contrast with motor symptoms, and a modern holistic approach to treatment of Parkinsonʼs disease should therefore include recognition and assessment of non-motor symptoms. Certain aspects of the non-motor symptoms complex of Parkinsonʼs disease can be improved with currently available treatments, but other features may be more refractory and require research into effective nondopaminergic drug therapies for the future.