This investigation adds to the burgeoning body of research concerned with discriminating performance and symptom validity tests (SVTs) through examination of their differential relationships with cognitive performance and symptom self-report measures. To the authorsʼ current knowledge, prior studies have not assessed differences between participants who fail either a performance validity test (PVT) or an SVT but not both. As part of their neuropsychological evaluations at four Veterans Affairs medical centers across the United States, participants were administered a fixed, standardized battery that consisted of performance validity, symptom validity, cognitive performance, and symptom self-report measures. Compared with participants who failed a PVT and an SVT, participants who passed both and participants who only passed a PVT demonstrated better cognitive performance and self-reported fewer symptoms. Results support differential clinical utility of performance validity and SVTs when assessing cognitive performance and symptom self-report.