(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2016;375:1726–1737)Antiretroviral regimens used for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have evolved over the years. Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) is currently used for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV but has shown more adverse effects compared with regimens containing fewer antiretroviral agents.