(b Ratzeburg, Schleswig-Holstein, June 12, 1825; d Lovrana [now in Croatia], June 8, 1897). German writer and art historian. He studied Classical philology at the universities of Erlangen and Göttingen. In 1855 he joined the staff of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg and in 1858 entered the service of the Princes of Liechtenstein as archivist and director of their art collections in Vienna. In 1860 he published a study of contemporary design, Das Kunstgewerbe, basing his theories on those current in Henry Cole’s circle in England and published in Cole’s Journal of Design and Manufactures. He made contact with the art historian Rudolf von Eitelberger-Edelburg (1817–85) and together they were responsible for the foundation in 1864 of the Kaiserliches Königliches Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie (now Österreiches Museum für Angewandte Kunst) in Vienna, modelled on the South Kensington Museum (now Victoria and Albert Museum) in London. This was the first museum of applied arts in continental Europe; Eitelberger-Edelburg was its first director and was succeeded (...