Purpose: As the population ages, the incidence of clinical dementia has been rising around the world. It has been reported thatmicroRNAs act as key diagnostic biomarkers and targets for various neurological conditions, including dementia. MiR-322-5phas been revealed to play an important role in multiple diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role and regulatorymechanism of miR-322-5p in vascular dementia. Materials and Methods: In this study, neonatal rat neurons (NRNs) were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R) to induce cell injury. The animals were subjected to permanent bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries (2-vessel occlusion,2VO) to induce the model of chronic brain hypoperfusion. Results: MiR-322-5p expression was significantly downregulated in the neurons exposed to OGD/R and the hippocampi of 2VOrats. Overexpression of miR-322-5p ameliorated cell apoptosis and the inflammatory response in vitro. In a mechanistic study, miR-322-5p was confirmed to directly target and negatively regulate tetraspanin 5 (TSPAN5) in cultured NRNs. Moreover, overexpressionof TSPAN5 could counteract the effects of miR-322-5p overexpression on cell apoptosis and the inflammatory response in OGD/Rtreatedneurons. More importantly, miR-322-5p improved cognitive ability and inhibited inflammatory production in 2VO rats. Conclusion: Overall, the results suggest that miR-322-5p alleviates vascular dementia development by targeting TSPAN5. Thisdiscovery may provide a potential therapeutic target for dementia.