随着数字经济时代的到来, 平台经济在洪流中快速发展变化, 成为新常态中激发经济活力的主 要动力, 担负联动线上线下、 带动实体经济发展的重要角色。 相比于传统经济, 平台经济具有明显 的交叉网络效应、 大数据匹配效应、 跨界竞争性、 规模经济性、 动态创新性等主要特征。 随着规模效 应和网络效应的逐渐显现, 平台经济凭借数据、 技术、 资本等优势, 资源加速向头部平台集中, 而且, 平台在提供资源交互场所的同时, 也能够获取其他经营者和平台内消费者的各项行为数据。 平台经 济领域逐渐出现市场高度集中、 资本无序发展的态势, “大数据杀熟”、 算法共谋、 强制“二选一”等互 联网平台垄断问题一一显露, 影响了平台内企业的良性竞争和互联网平台行业的创新发展, 对平台 经济平稳有序运行带来隐患。 目前, 全球主要国家和地区为了应对平台垄断和数字经济发展带来的 新问题, 正在加速推进《反垄断法》的修订。 无论从国际上普遍加强反垄断规制的发展趋势, 还是从 中国当前强化反垄断和防止资本无序扩张的政策背景来看, 加强平台经济领域的反垄断是应然的 选择, 也是必然的结果。 在原有的《反垄断法》、 《电子商务法》以及《关于经营者集中申报标准的规 定》等法律规定的基础上, 中国国务院反垄断委员会发布《关于平台经济领域的反垄断指南》。 《指 南》从相关市场界定、 垄断协议的认定、 市场支配地位的认定到正当理由的提出等都颇具亮点, 也对 近期平台经济领域频发的热点垄断行为作出了回应, 为平台经济领域反垄断提供了更具针对性的 规制路径。 但进一步观之, 作为专门针对解决平台经济领域问题的《指南》, 其中部分内容仍规定得 不够具体。 如其中诸多新的参考标准的合理性和具体适用方式亟待实践考究, 需要进一步检验并细 化:市场力量评估和市场支配地位认定因素不具备量化标准、 算法共谋识别中的证据获取和认定存在困难、 正当理由抗辩制度的具体适用尚不明晰等问题还存在讨论空间。 为进一步完善平台经济 领域的反垄断规制, 应从完善相关法律制度, 如考虑将《指南》完善后上升为更高位阶的《平台经济 领域反垄断条例》;鼓励多元主体共同参与平台治理活动;将严格的事后执法和柔性的事前监管 相结合, 协调推进平台经济领域的反垄断工作等三方面出发, 将平台经济纳入规范化、 法制化的轨 道, 保障平台经济领域规范、 有序、 创新、 健康发展, 从而推动中国整体经济高质量发展。
With the advent of the digital economy era, the platform economy is developing rapidly in the torrent, becoming the main driving force to stimulate economic vitality in the new economic normal, and playing an important role in linking online and offline and driving the development of the real economy. Compared with the traditional economy, Platform economy has obvious characteristics such as cross-network effect, big data matching effect, cross-border competition, economies of scale, dynamic innovation and so on. With the gradual appearance of scale effect and network effect, resources concentrate on the head platform. Moreover, while providing a place for resource interaction, the platform can also obtain various behavior data of other operators and consumers in the platform. In the field of platform economy, the market is highly centralized and the capital is developing in disorder. The monopoly problems of Internet platform, such as big data discriminatory pricing, colluding algorithms and forcing “one of two choices”, are revealed one by one, which affects not only the healthy competition of enterprises in the platform but also the innovation and development of the Internet platform industry, and brings hidden dangers to the smooth and orderly operation of the platform economy. At present, in order to cope with the new problem brought about by platform monopoly and the development of digital economy, the revision of the Anti-monopoly Law is being accelerated. No matter from the development trend of strengthening anti-monopoly regulation in the world or from the current policy background of strengthening anti-monopoly and preventing disorderly expansion of capital in China, strengthening anti-monopoly in platform economy is a natural choice and an inevitable result. On the basis of the original Anti-monopoly Law, the E-commerce Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Provisions on the Standards for Centralized Declaration of Operators, the Anti-monopoly Committee of the State Council of China issued the Anti-monopoly Guide in the Field of Platform Economy. The Guide has bright spots from the definition of relevant markets, the determination of monopoly agreements, the determination of market dominance and the presentation of justified reasons. It also responds to the recent hot monopoly behaviors in the field of platform economy, and provides a more targeted regulatory path for anti-monopoly in the field of platform economy. However, looking further, as a guide specifically aimed at solving problems in the field of platform economy, some of its contents are still not specific enough. There is still room for discussion. For example, the rationality and specific application methods of many new reference standards need to be studied in practice and further tested and refined: There are still some problems to be discussed, such as the lack of quantitative standards for market power evaluation and market dominance identification factors, the difficulty in obtaining and identifying evidence in algorithm collusion identification, and the unclear application of justifiable defense system. In order to further improve the anti-monopoly regulation in the field of platform economy, we should improve the relevant legal system, For example, consider upgrading the Guide to a higher level of Anti-monopoly Regulations in Platform Economy; Encourage multiple subjects to participate in platform governance activities together; Combine strict ex post law enforcement with flexible ex post supervision, coordinate and promote the anti-monopoly work in the field of platform economy, so as to bring the platform economy into the track of standardization and legalization and ensure the standardized, orderly, innovative and healthy development of the platform economy, so as to promote the high-quality development of the country’s overall economy.