This paper describes the working principle and hardware design of wireless data transmission system based on single chip microcomputer GPRS communication module. The design system can effectively solve the problems existing in other communication methods. Under the premise of ensuring the timely and accurate data transmission, the system operation cost is also reduced to the lowest; At the same time, the communication links are maintained by professional operators, which avoids the problem that users need to spend a lot of energy to maintain the communication lines while using the monitoring system. It saves the initial construction investment and operation and maintenance cost of users. In this design system, the so-called GPRS communication module is usually said to be the mobile phone module, its model is: PIML-900/1800, mainly for voice transmission, short message and data services to provide wireless interface. In the design of the main microcontroller chip selection, this design in the selection of microcontroller can use three kinds of chips, respectively, AT89C51 microcontroller, W77E58 and UPSD3234. This design has high requirements for serial communication, UPSD3234 has a powerful FLASH memory, can better meet the needs of the system, so this chip is used. After a series of analysis finally realized the use of GPRS communication module to achieve long-distance wireless data transmission and "program" and data exchange communication. In this design system, the data transmission of GPRS communication module is used to realize the remote computer and micro control. The data transmission between the system (CPU), and thus realize the control of the microcontroller. Such as well Process data collection, remote monitoring to monitor its working status and other functions. Of course, this system is also in the application. Need some computer software made of supporting software interface to cooperate with the use, so it will be more convenient, more Add humanization.