This paper studies a deadline-aware hybrid retransmission scheme for an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) system over the 5th generation and Time-Sensitive Networking (5G-TSN) system. In the considered model, multiple devices must transmit time-sensitive data flows to an edge server for real-time computing and industrial control. These scenarios require the 5G-TSN technique to realize deterministic transmission, which must complete the data transmission before the specified deadline while maintaining ultra-high reliability. Since the uncertainty of the wireless channel in 5G-TSN affects the transmission reliability, hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) technology is introduced to improve the transmission success probability. However, two existing mainstream HARQ negative acknowledgment-based (NACK-based) and blind schemes lead to a huge delay penalty and drain spectrum resources, respectively. These drawbacks make it challenging to meet multiple devices’ diverse quality of service (QoS) requirements. To address this issue, a deadline-aware hybrid HARQ scheme that combines NACK and blind retransmission schemes is proposed to maximize the number of successfully transmitted deterministic data flows over the 5G-TSN. Specifically, we first propose the delay and reliability models for our considered 5G-TSN IIoT system. Subsequently, our proposed scheme is introduced in detail. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can increase the number of deterministic transmission flows by 170.52% and 27.98% with 100 devices compared to 1) single NACK-based and 2) traditional hybrid HARQ schemes.