With the strengthening of epidemic prevention and control in public areas in many areas, in order to ensure the health of people entering public areas, many public areas are equipped with multiple wireless temperature sensors, which not only effectively saves manpower, but also effectively realizes the real-time detection and data transmission of people's body temperature in public areas. a large number of wireless temperature sensor nodes deployed in the public area constitute a wireless sensor network, which is a multi hop self-organizing network system through wireless communication. considering the minimum energy consumption and optimal efficiency of the network, this paper proposes a routing algorithm based on ant colony optimization, which can fully consider the routing changes caused by the constant change of energy in wireless sensor networks. The algorithm is simulated in Visual Studio.Net development environment. Through the experimental simulation, the experimental results are analyzed to find the route with fast convergence and better path, which proves that the algorithm can be well applied in wireless sensor networks.