Objective Conventional open internal fixation surgery for thoracolumbar fractures has many complications and long recovery time. There are few clinical studies on the minimally invasive percutaneous injured vertebrae screw internal fixation. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the application value of minimally invasive percutaneous injured vertebrae screw internal fixation in the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures (TF). Methods A total of 98 patients with TF admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. According to the surgical method, the patients were divided into the study group (n = 49, treated with minimally invasive percutaneous injured vertebrae screw internal fixation) and the control group (n = 49, treated with traditional open internal fixation surgery). The two groups were compared in the perioperative period, the degree of pain at different periods, the percentage of the height of the anterior edge of the injured vertebra, the Cobb angle of the injured vertebra body and the wedge angle of the injured vertebra body at the first week and the last follow‐up, and the postoperative complications and the occurrence of the cone shell after the operation were recorded. Then, statistical analysis such as Student's t test or Chi‐Square test was performed. Results The operation time (p = 0.002), intraoperative blood loss (p