A national examination of discrimination, resilience, and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: the All of Us Research Program
- Resource Type
- article
- Authors
- Stephanie H. Cook; Erica P. Wood; Emma Risner; Chenziheng Allen Weng; Yao Xin
- Source
- Frontiers in Psychology, Vol 14 (2023)
- Subject
- discrimination
mental health
COVID-19
resilience
linear mixed modeling
Psychology
BF1-990
- Language
- English
- ISSN
- 1664-1078
ObjectiveTo examine the impact of resilience on the association between discrimination and trajectories of depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic across racial and ethnic groups.MethodsData were drawn from 5 waves of the All of Us Research Program’s survey on the impact of COVID-19 on the lives of American adults. Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to assess the association between discrimination exposure throughout the pandemic and depressive symptoms over time. An interaction term was introduced between resilience and discrimination exposure to assess if resilience buffered the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms over time. Race-stratified linear mixed-effects models examined racial/ethnic differences in the association between resilience, discrimination, and depressive symptoms over time.ResultsFifty-one thousand nine hundred fifty-eight participants completed surveys between May and December of 2020. Results indicated that exposure to more discrimination was associated with increasing trajectories of depressive symptoms over time (b = 0.48, p