The study analyses the impacts of agri-food imports on EU agricultural production and agri-food processing sectors, including economic, social and environmental implications in the 2005–2018 study period. It consists of 13 study questions answered through (i) a descriptive part, and (ii) an analytical part, complemented by (iii) five specific product case studies. The study finds that the impact of agri-food imports was mainly complementary but also competitive, replacing EU production for a limited number of products. For some products, the reliance of imports suggests a potential exposure to some economic and environmental risks. A number of measures can be used to mitigate these. As the increase in agri-food imports affected value chain actors differently, these actors have relied on policy instruments and business measures to mitigate the negative impacts of changes in import flows and strengthen the positive impacts. The change in agri-food imports is only one of many contributing factors to structural changes in EU farming, labour outflows and the competitiveness of the EU agri-food sector.