Regardless of how we technically define food loss and waste, significant losses and waste occur throughout our current agrifood systems, ranging from farm-level practices causing nutrient depletion, food value chains suffering post-harvest losses, and households and communities generating solid and liquid waste and human excreta.These losses and waste can be lessened if material flows can be shifted towards reducing, reusing and recycling; in other words, by transforming linear food systems into more circular ones. In addition, new technologies and biotechnology can advance this transformative shift through novel foods and fertilisers that lead food systems away from fossil fuel dependence