Vesicoureteral reflux is present in approximately 1% of children and is associated with high risk of developing pyelonephritis and renal scarring. The main goal in treating vesicoureteral reflux is to prevent uroinfection and thus preserve renal function. Despite it’s prevalence, many aspects in diagnosis and treatment are still controversial. Endoscopic treatment has become widely accepted due to short operative time, short hospital stay, high success rate, low complication rate and lower overall cost of treatment. Although there are numerous arguments about it’s efficacy, endoscopic treatment is a valuable alternative to long-term antibiotic profilaxis. In this review article we present current knowledge about the genesis of vesicoureteral reflux, diagnosis and endoscopic treatment.