BACKGROUND: Surgical revascularization is often performed in patients with moyamoya, however routine tools for efficacy evaluation are underdeveloped. The gold standard is digital subtraction angiography (DSA); however, DSA requires ionizing radiation and procedural risk, and therefore is suboptimal for routine surveillance of parenchymal health. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether parenchymal vascular compliance measures, obtained noninvasively using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), provide surrogates to revascularization success by comparing measures with DSA before and after surgical revascularization. METHODS: Twenty surgical hemispheres with DSA and MRI performed before and after revascularization were evaluated. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR)-weighted images were acquired using hypercapnic 3-Tesla gradient echo blood oxygenation level-dependent MRI. Standard and novel analysis algorithms were applied (i) to quantify relative CVR (rCVR(RAW)), and decompose this response into (ii) relative maximum CVR (rCVR(MAX)) and (iii) a surrogate measure of the time for parenchyma to respond maximally to the stimulus, CVR(DELAY). Measures between time points in patients with good and poor surgical outcomes based on DSA-visualized neoangiogenesis were contrasted (signed-rank test; significance: 2-sided P