Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of ovarian activity, and is produced by a family of nitric oxide synthases (NOS), being inducible (iNOS) and endothelial (eNOS) isoforms present in the ovaries of several species. In cows, even though NO production had been demonstrated in follicular fluid and by granulosa cells (GC) cultured in vitro, it is not known which enzyme is responsible for NO synthesis or how expression is regulated during follicular development. The objectives of the present study were to determine the abundance of iNOS and eNOS mRNAs in dominant and subordinate follicles in vivo, to determine the regulation of iNOS expression by FSH, growth factors and estradiol (E2) in vitro, to stimulate NO production in bovine CG and to determine the action of iNOS on bovine granulosa cell health/apoptosis. The two largest follicles on days 1 to 5 of the first follicular wave of the cycle were collected from each pair of ovaries from six cows. Dominant follicles presented higher levels of mRNA for iNOS compared to subordinate follicles (P