Due to various factors, water balance may vary across seasons. These effects may be particularly prominent in athletes and depend on energy expenditure during training. This study assessed water balance by season for a group of top-level Japanese college female naginata athletes during training. Seven top-level Japanese college female naginata athletes were also evaluated for water balance during their training sessions. Participants were observed over three days for each of their seasons of training, i.e., in spring, summer, and winter, with energy expenditure monitored using the heart rate method. Data regarding the total amount of sweat, sweat rate, amount of water intake, and water intake rate were collected for each season, and the differences were assessed using one-way ANOVA. Seasonal differences were calculated using the amount of sweat and water intake per energy expenditure. The amount of sweat and sweat rate showed high values in summer, and significant differences were observed between each season (p
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