Edaphic climatic conditions directly affect the population dynamics of nematode assemblages and management strategies. The objective of this study was to characterize spatiotemporal changes in nematode abundance and diversity in sugarcane fields of northeastern Brazil under different edaphic climatic conditions. Soil samples from seven geoenvironmental sites under continuous cultivation were taken at planting and 4, 9, and 14 months after planting. Nematode abundance and diversity varied with the soil’s physical and chemical characteristics. Sites in the rainfed and irrigated coastal tables as well the floodplain had higher number of nematodes in contrast to the flat-land and hillside. The abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes increased concurrently with crop development, but the number of taxa decreased. Meloidogyneand Pratylenchuswere the dominant plant-parasitic genera across locations, but bacterivores were dominant in southern sites at field replanting. Heat map delineated two distinct groups of nematode distribution within the geoenvironmental zones, rather than the sampling times. Pratylenchusdensity was high in both groups, but in contrast with Meloidogyneand Criconemella, the abundance of Pratylenchusand Helicotylenchuswas higher in sites with lower soil bulk density and higher porosity, clay, organic matter, and water contents as those in the southern sites, reflecting edaphic climatic conditions.