Coccolithophores are a critical component of global biogeochemistry, export fluxes, and seawater optical properties. We derive globally significant relationships to estimate integrated coccolithophore and coccolith concentrations as well as integrated concentrations of particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) from their respective surface concentration. We also examine surface versus integral relationships for other biogeochemical variables contributed by all phytoplankton (e.g., chlorophyll aand particulate organic carbon) or diatoms (biogenic silica). Integrals are calculated using both 100 m integrals and euphotic zone integrals (depth of 1% surface photosynthetically available radiation). Surface concentrations are parameterized in either volumetric units (e.g., m−3) or values integrated over the top optical depth. Various relationships between surface concentrations and integrated values demonstrate that when surface concentrations are above a specific threshold, the vertical distribution of the property is biased to the surface layer, and when surface concentrations are below a specific threshold, the vertical distributions of the properties are biased to subsurface maxima. Results also show a highly predictable decrease in explained‐variance as vertical distributions become more vertically heterogeneous. These relationships have fundamental utility for extrapolating surface ocean color remote sensing measurements to 100 m depth or to the base of the euphotic zone, well beyond the depths of detection for passive ocean color remote sensors. Greatest integrated concentrations of PIC, coccoliths, and coccolithophores are found when there is moderate stratification at the base of the euphotic zone. We use a global shipboard data set to describe the vertical distributions of coccolithophores (marine phytoplankton that produce microscopic calcium carbonate scales). These plants are responsible for over half of all the suspended calcium carbonate in the ocean, they can cause major increases in water reflectance in blooms spanning entire ocean basins, and they provide ballast to organic matter to the deep sea and thus are strong drivers of the ocean's biological carbon pump (responsible for sequestering carbon in the deep sea). This paper describes global relationships that relate the surface concentrations of coccolithophores and their particulate inorganic carbon (as observed by satellite) to concentrations found over the upper 100 m of the ocean or the entire euphotic zone. These predictions function from highest productivity waters to the lowest productivity, “biological deserts” in the sea. We also include predictive relationships for biogeochemical variables related to other phytoplankton groups (e.g., diatoms) as well as more generic indicators of phytoplankton (e.g., chlorophyll and particulate organic carbon). The results provide new oceanographic insights into the ecology and biogeochemistry of these microalgal groups. Surface biogeochemical properties show highly significant relationships to depth integrals, which provides the ability to extrapolate satellite data verticallyThe explained variance in these relationships decreases as subsurface maxima become more pronouncedCoccolithophores, coccoliths, and PIC show highest integrated concentrations at moderate stratification levels at the base of the euphotic zone