Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries.
- Resource Type
- Academic Journal
- Authors
- Richardson K; Globe Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Steffen W; Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.; Lucht W; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.; Bendtsen J; Globe Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Cornell SE; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.; Donges JF; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.; Drüke M; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Fetzer I; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.; Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.; Bala G; Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka - 560012, India.; von Bloh W; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Feulner G; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Fiedler S; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.; Gerten D; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.; Gleeson T; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.; School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.; Hofmann M; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Huiskamp W; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Kummu M; Water and Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.; Mohan C; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.; Waterplan (YC S21), San Francisco, CA, USA.; Nogués-Bravo D; Globe Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Petri S; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Porkka M; Water and Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.; Rahmstorf S; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.; Schaphoff S; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Thonicke K; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Tobian A; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.; Virkki V; Water and Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.; Wang-Erlandsson L; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.; Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.; Weber L; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.; Rockström J; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.; Institute for Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
- Source
- Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101653440 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2375-2548 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 23752548 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Adv Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE; MEDLINE
- Subject
- Language
- English
This planetary boundaries framework update finds that six of the nine boundaries are transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for humanity. Ocean acidification is close to being breached, while aerosol loading regionally exceeds the boundary. Stratospheric ozone levels have slightly recovered. The transgression level has increased for all boundaries earlier identified as overstepped. As primary production drives Earth system biosphere functions, human appropriation of net primary production is proposed as a control variable for functional biosphere integrity. This boundary is also transgressed. Earth system modeling of different levels of the transgression of the climate and land system change boundaries illustrates that these anthropogenic impacts on Earth system must be considered in a systemic context.