Trepanation is the operation performed on the skull of a living person or a dead person, adhering to a specific technique for a projected purpose. Trepanation history dates back to prehistoric times. However, ritual, magical and therapeutic aspects of the human brain is the oldest type of brain surgeries. Cemil Topuzlu was the first person who used the trepanation in Turkey. He (1866-1958) collected his observations in his book "Mémoires et Observation Médicales", published in 1905 in French. Trepanation is presented in chapter 8 of this book. In the conclusion part of his description he says: "The knowledge based on the localization of motor centers in human, has great importance for treatment. Thanks to the localization information is based on knowledge of the trepanation the first surgery was performed in Turkey in February 24, 1892". This case was presented by Cemil Topuzlu at the International Medical Congress in 1894 in Lyon. As a result, the technique of trepanation had used primarily in Turkey by Dr. Topuzlu and then was started to use all neuroscience world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]