Purpose: To correlate non-invasive quantitative diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and intravoxel incoherent motion-derived (IVIM) parameters with rectal cancer composition assessed by the expression of caudal-type homeobox 2 (CDX-2), Vimentin (VIM), CD34 and Ki-67 on resected tissues, as well as the tumor stroma ratio (TSR) and the results of H&E and Masson staining. Materials and Methods: A prospective study of 26 patients with rectal cancer who underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, including DKI with 4 b values and IVIM at 3.0 T prior to surgery. Primary tumor was harvested and fixed for H&E, immunohistochemistry and Masson staining. One-way ANOVA was used to test the differences. Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression analyses were applied to evaluation the correlations. Results: The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCDKI) and MKDKI all exhibited significant differences in subgroups with different T stages (P < 0.05) and among high- and low- grade rectal cancer (P < 0.05). MDDKI showed a moderate negative correlation with CDX-2 (r = − 0.42, P = 0.040) and a moderate positive correlation with CD34 (r = 0.42, P = 0.041). ADCIVIM exhibited a moderate positive correlation with Masson staining (r = 0.426, P = 0.048) DIVIM showed a moderate negative correlation with CDX-2 (r = − 0.58, P = 0.005). D IVIM ∗ showed a moderate positive correlation with VIM (r = 0.445, P = 0.033). Conclusion: ADCDKI and MKDKI demonstrated a higher correlation with T stages and histologic grades. MDDKI showed significant correlations with CDX-2 and CD34. ADCIVIM showed significant correlation with Masson. DIVIM showed significant correlations with CDX-2 and D IVIM ∗ showed significant correlation with VIM. These findings should be validated in a larger study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]