Such forests typically have lower bird diversity than less disturbed primary forests - which may themselves lose species (Stouffer et al., 2021) - suggesting shifting baseline syndrome and an overestimated value of forest-derived agroforests for bird diversity. Keywords: agroecology; cacao; conservation; review; meta-analysis; forest degradation; forest-derived agroforest; open-land-derived agroforest; ornithology; agrobosque derivado de bosque; agrobosque derivado de campo abierto; agroecología; conservación; degradación forestal; ornitología; ; ; ; ; ; ; EN agroecology cacao conservation review meta-analysis forest degradation forest-derived agroforest open-land-derived agroforest ornithology agrobosque derivado de bosque agrobosque derivado de campo abierto agroecología conservación degradación forestal ornitología 1 7 7 08/01/22 20220801 NES 220801 INTRODUCTION A careful baseline choice is pivotal for studies on the effect of land-system change on biodiversity. Thus, we built a linear mixed effect model to determine the difference between the 3 land systems (forest-derived agroforest, open-land-derived agroforest, and open land) and forests with the metareg function in the R package metafor 3.0.2 (Viechtbauer, 2010) with the study key as a random effect. Specifically, comparing forest-derived agroforests with old-growth forests as well as selectively logged or secondary forests could give a more nuanced picture of the value of agroforests for biodiversity, possibly showing that they are less diverse than old-growth forests but comparable to logged or secondary forests. [Extracted from the article]