A priori, cosmic‐ray measurements offer a unique capability to determine the vertical profile of atmospheric temperatures directly from ground. However, despite the increased understanding of the impact of the atmosphere on cosmic‐ray rates, attempts to explore the technological potential of the latter for atmospheric physics remain very limited. In this paper, we examine the intrinsic limits of the process of cosmic‐ray data inversion for atmospheric temperature retrieval, by combining a detection station at ground with another one placed at an optimal depth, and making full use of the angular information. With that aim, the temperature‐induced variations in cosmic rays (c.r.) rates have been simulated resorting to the theoretical temperature coefficients WT(h, θ, Eth) and the temperature profiles obtained from the ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis. Muon absorption and Poisson statistics have been included to increase realism. The resulting c.r. sample has been used as input for the inverse problem and the obtained temperatures compared to the input temperature data. Relative to early simulation works, performed without using angular information and relying on underground temperature coefficients from a suboptimal depth, our analysis shows a strong improvement in temperature predictability for all atmospheric layers up to 50 hPa, nearing a factor 2 error reduction. Furthermore, the temperature predictability on 6‐h intervals stays well within the range 0.8–2.2 K. Most remarkably, we show that it can be achieved with small‐area m2‐scale muon hodoscopes, amenable nowadays to a large variety of technologies. For mid‐latitude locations, the optimal depth of the underground station is around 20 m. Plain Language Summary: Cosmic rays (c.r.) are a form of natural radiation that comes from outer space and traverses the atmosphere. Analogously to X‐ray radiation, we can extract information from the object they pass through, the atmosphere in this case. Cosmic radiation can be measured at the Earth's surface using sophisticated instruments. In our work, we examine in detail the possibility of retrieving the vertical profile of temperatures from c.r. measurements, by using two detection stations, one placed at the surface and another one at an optimal depth. We make full use of a feature which is characteristic of modern c.r. detectors, the angular information. This refers to the capability of measuring c.r. from different directions. To analyze the limits of the suggested approach, we estimate temperatures from simulated c.r. data that would be measured under realistic atmospheric conditions and compare them with the original ones. Relative to early simulation works, our method estimates temperatures with a greater accuracy at higher temporal resolutions and for atmospheric layers up to 20 km. Most remarkably, we show that this performance can be achieved with small and affordable detectors, bringing the possibility of complementing satellite‐borne temperature retrieval with a technology cheaper to assemble and maintain. Key Points: Improved approach to obtain atmospheric temperature from cosmic‐ray data by introducing a pair of detection stations and angular informationResults show a significant retrieval improvement over earlier methods with high accuracy up to 20 km of heightThe use of affordable and small‐scale cosmic‐ray telescopes is suggested as a possible complement to satellite temperature measurements [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]