This document explores the concept of "non-traditional" parents in contemporary societies. It highlights that the definition of family has evolved over time and that each family has its own unique characteristics, making it difficult to determine what is considered "traditional." The document discusses research that shows a tendency to compare and sometimes discriminate against certain parental configurations, such as divorced, single, step, same-gender, and adoptive parents, against the first-marriage nuclear family with two different-gender parents. It also examines attitudes and stereotypes related to parenthood and family structures, including the perception that married heterosexual biological parents are viewed more favorably than other parents. The document further explores the challenges faced by LGBTQ parents, including negative attitudes, distress, and a lack of legal safeguards. The document presents six studies that investigate attitudes and perceptions toward non-traditional parents or prospective parents in contemporary societies, covering topics such as LG parents, reproductive justice, and the work-life balance. The authors emphasize the importance of understanding and addressing prejudice and stigma related to non-traditional families, as well as the implications for parents and children's well-being. They call for further research to measure and account for changing social attitudes toward non-traditional families and to address social inequalities and vulnerabilities specific to different family configurations. [Extracted from the article]