Eriosema macrostipulatum, a noteworthy new species from Goiás State, was discovered during a taxonomic study of the genus in Brazil. It is herein described, illustrated, and has its morphological and anatomical affinities with related species presented. The geographical distribution, conservation status, and information about flowering and fruiting are provided. Additionally, a dichotomous key to the taxa of Eriosema that occur in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Alto Paraíso de Goiás municipality (Goiás State) is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]