Extra-digestive entities have also been correlated with I H. pylori i infection, including diseases from the autoimmune spectrum, cardiovascular diseases, pancreatic and colonic diseases, hepato-biliary system diseases, bronchiectasis, diabetes mellitus, neurological diseases and hematological diseases, such as iron-deficiency anemia [[11], [15], [17], [19]]. For several decades, before the 19th century, pediatric pathology was considered to be an annex of adult pathology and treated as a secondary matter in medical practice. As already mentioned above, GER- and reflux-associated conditions represent another category of disorders that benefited from the introduction of the endoscopic technique in gastroenterology and currently dominate upper gastrointestinal tract pathology. While the precise disease characterization represents the basis of the modern treatment of IBD, endoscopy is the mainstay of disease assessment and colorectal cancer surveillance, suggesting a major role for medical technology in the management of IBD. [Extracted from the article]