Regarding the former, in a recent virtual patient study, Grant et al.[32] found White physicians with higher trait-level intergroup anxiety experienced more state-level discomfort with Black patients, which subsequently affected their pain treatment decisions for these patients. Within pain medicine, robust evidence indicates that Black patients report higher levels of acute and chronic pain than White patients.[[13], [43]] Similarly, the results from more than 40 experimental studies[43] have consistently demonstrated moderate-to-large effects of participant race on experimental pain sensitivity across multiple modalities. In simulated clinical interactions, Black patients paired with racially and ethnically discordant doctors had higher pain and pain-related physiological arousal in response to painful heat stimuli. [Extracted from the article]