The recent Chinese society should give a political attention to elderly's poverty and wellbeing problems in Chinese rural communities, due to drastic population ageing tendency and widened developed gap between urban and rural communities. In particular, five guarantees elderly, the poorest class in rural communities, have attracted attention, as most of them do not only suffer from poverty and deficiency, but also receive little family and social resources. China established the five guarantees system for ensuring basic livelihood of poor elderly in rural communities, since 1950s and actively coping with elderly's poverty in rural communities, by initially introducing scattered support type, and then centralized support type and recently community support type. Chinese political and academic circles also tend to increasingly pay academic and political attention to the five guarantees system, along with the change and development of such an five guarantees system. Previous studies on the five guarantees system have focused on the history and state of it, while there have been relatively little studies on policy effects. It is, therefore, necessary to actively improve the system based on the evaluation its effects. This study would attempt to assess and evaluate the effects of each support types, by focusing on the diversity of support types under the five guarantees system and conducting an empirical research on the effects of them. This study would analyze the effects of the five guarantees system, based on the five guarantees elderly's life satisfaction, given that the policy objective of the five guarantees system is to enhance their quality of life. Specifically, this study selected the five guarantees elderly living at rural communities in Shijiazhuang and Handan, Hebei province, as the targets of analysis, and then, analyzed what effects support types (scattered support, centralized support and community) have on the life satisfaction of elderly recipients. The main results of this study can be summarized: First, there were differences in general characteristics among five guarantees elderly, depending on three kinds of support types. In particular, the health states and economic levels of scattered support type five guarantees elderly were found to be relatively poorer. Second, their life satisfaction was found to be substantially varied, depending on their characteristics and support types. Scattered support type five guarantees elderly's life satisfaction was lowest, while the life satisfaction of both centralized support and community type five guarantees elderly was significantly higher than that of scattered support type five guarantees elderly. Third, the life satisfaction of five guarantees elderly was found to be affected by not only support types, but also marital status, health states, economic levels and institutional benefit duration. The better the health states and economic levels, the better their life satisfaction. Meanwhile, the longer the institutional benefit duration, the lower the life satisfaction. Fourth, support types under the five guarantees system were found to have very important effects on the decision of five guarantees elderly's life satisfaction. Centralized support and community support types have more statistically significant effects on life satisfaction, a dependent variable, than scattered support type, while controlling other variables, indicating that support types are main factors influencing the decision of the five guarantees elderly' life satisfaction, especially, Centralized support and community support types have more positive effects on life satisfaction, than scattered support type. Based on the findings above, academic implications can be suggested as follows: First, this study is evaluated to have important an academic implication, in that it empirically examined the political effects of the five guarantees system, around five guarantees elderly's life satisfaction. Second, it also has an academic implication as an advanced study, in that it systematically analyzed the effects of scattered, centralized, and even community support types which has been ignored by previous studies. On the other hand, this study also suggests main political implications: First, this study could find that support types under the five guarantees system have very important effects on five guarantees elderly's life satisfaction. The results of an analysis in this study show that community and centralized support types have more positive effects on the enhancement of five guarantees elderly's psychological wellbeing, especially it is politically suggested that the community support type is an efficient and effective protection type, in that it most significantly enhances life satisfaction. Second, the scattered support type has a relatively lower effect on life satisfaction, so the need to improve the scattered support type is politically suggested. The findings strongly suggest that policy makers should understand what aspects of such scattered support type are problematic in relation with life satisfaction, and therefore, improve the five guarantees system. It is thus necessary to politically improve the contents and levels of protection supports by closely reviewing the scattered support type. Third, the findings also exhibits that not only support types but also health states, economic levels and institutional benefit duration have important effects on five guarantees elderly's life satisfaction. Based on the findings, it is determined that plans to support the enhancement of five guarantees elderly's health states and economic levels should be actively prepared. Moreover, plans to specially support five guarantees elderly receiving long-term benefit should be actively made, given that the longer the benefit duration, the lower the five guarantees elderly's life satisfaction.