在社会落后的原始社会,人类在面临一些未知的自然现象以及一些无法解释的事件的时候,会自然而然的认为是上天的旨意。但是人类本身与天上所谓的‘神’存在根本的差异,这时就需要一位可以帮助人们和天神沟通的人——萨满。萨满一次在世界各地都有,只是形式和名称有所不同。本论文所研究的就是中国满族地区流传甚广的尼山萨满与韩国传统女巫巴里公主的比较研究。 首先,先对尼山萨满的背景和研究史进行简单的整理分析。《尼山萨满》中,主人公尼山萨满本来是一名普通的村中妇人,因她心地善良,技艺高超,将无辜被阎王夺走生命的员外儿子救回,使得员外家里幸福美满。可是自己却因为世人的不被理解而最终丧命的悲剧故事。 《尼山萨满》在满族民间口承文学以产中具有非常重要的历史价值,在中国东北及俄国等地也相继发现不同的版本,本论文就目前整理收集的29篇《尼山萨满》来进行相互的比较和分析。 其次要对故事进行最简化的故事主线整理及分段分层分析。然后通过分析故事之间的不同与变形,进而进行故事中人物的构成。以尼山萨满为中心,对周围人进行分群分析。员外,员外的儿子以及老人,是尼山萨满的机会提供者,通过员外儿子的死亡,让萨满有了可以去地狱的机会,老人则是连接员外,员外儿子与萨满的中间介绍人;尼山萨满的助手,丈夫和子孙娘娘,是萨满在地狱期间的同伴者。助手帮助萨满进入地狱,丈夫虽然是以害萨满的身份出现,却反而让萨满认识到自己该旅行的义务,从而进一步完成了自己的完全化。子孙娘娘则是告诉萨满的出生秘密以及人的价值,从而让尼山萨满完全领会人的生命的意义,并且完成自身的升华,成为完全的萨满;萨满的婆婆以及皇帝是使已经获得完全的萨满失败的破坏者。 第三,还要对人物进行对比分析及理解。比如萨满的丈夫和员外的儿子,萨满的婆婆和员外以及萨满和婆婆之间的分析来体现尼山萨满是维护人间和地狱秩序的职能身份。 最后要对尼山萨满的空间对比进行整理分析,在人间的萨满,在地狱的萨满和重新回到人间的萨满的差别。通过三次的空间转移,使得萨满从头到尾有了一个不同的飞跃和完成。 下面就要对韩国传统的巫俗神话《巴里公主》进行分析了。 首先,要整理《巴里公主》的故事主线及分层理解。然后要对《巴里公主》中出现的主要人物,比如国王,六姐妹对巴里公主的人性方面的刺激激发;以及巴里公主的丈夫无长生和她七个儿子对巴里公主神性方面的诱导激发进行分析。其次就是人物之间的关系进行比较分析。从而进一步了解巴里公主超越人类的各种表现,从而完成萨满的各种试炼并最后成为神的过程。 最后就是《巴里公主》的空间转换,《巴里公主》也同样经历了人间到地狱,又从地狱到人间的艰辛历程,从这种空间的转换之中,对巴里公主人物主题进行分析理解。 第四部分就是结合《尼山萨满》和《巴里公主》,从构造,人物,空间三个方面来进行比较从而分析主题意识。 根据分析《尼山萨满》和《巴里公主》的组成构造,来比较两个故事从形式上和内容上的差异;从人物分析来观察故事中的角色对主人公们的影响和他们相互的关系,从而进一步说明尼山萨满是一半成功一半失败的‘半存在’,尼山萨满在地狱将丈夫扔到丰都城以及后面见到子孙娘娘后,得到了自身完全的升华,从而成为完全的萨满。但是当再次回到人间的尼山萨满无法得到婆婆和皇帝的认可,最后被扔到了干枯的井里死去。而巴里公主则是从社会最底层一步步向上升华的,从最底层的女性孤儿到最后救回父母成为完全的萨满的过程。因为是女儿,所以被父母遗弃的巴里公主,在父亲生病的时候,以宽厚的心原谅了她的父亲,又以身涉险去地狱帮助父母寻生命水。巴里公主从一个什么都不知道的少女,在地狱经历了辛苦的劳作,和自己并不相爱的人结婚,生子,从而成为别人的妻子,母亲。能救回人生命的生命水,正是需要巴里公主自己亲自体会这一生命的孕育和产生才能获得生命水。所以生命水是巴里公主自己获得的,不是她的丈夫给她的。 同时,在生七子的过程中,巴里公主也忍受了七次生产的痛苦和自己不爱的丈夫的结婚,以及之前辛苦的劳作,这一切都是为了那个曾经抛弃自己的父母。这也是巴里公主超出别人的忍耐和付出,所以这也是巴里公主最后能够成为神的条件。
In the social backward primitive society, when human was in the face of some unknown natural phenomena, and some unexplained events, they would naturally think that is God’s will. But humans and the so called 'God' have a fundamental difference, then someone that can help people communicate with God was needed - Shaman. The word ‘Shaman’ exists all around the word while differs in form and name. This thesis gives a comparative study of Nishan Shaman which is widespread in Chinese Manchu area and Korean traditional witch Princess Bari. First of all, a simple sorting analysis of the background and history of Nishan Shaman is showed. “Nishan Shaman” tells a tragic story of the leading character Nishan Shaman. She was originally an ordinary village woman and she rescued the son of a ministry councillor man who was killed innocent because she was kind-hearted and skilled. Her behavior saved a family’s happiness while she herself finally died due to the incomprehension of other people. "Nishan Shaman" possesses a very important historical value in Manchu folk Oral literary heritage, and different versions also have been found in northeast China and Russia. 29 versions of "Nishan Shaman" are collected in this thesis for mutual comparison and analysis. Second, the most simplified story line is recognized and sections and paragraphs are divided and analyzed. And then, by analyzing differences and changes among different stories, the characters in the story are then constituted. Pivoting around Nishan Shaman, classification analysis of the surrounding people is done. The ministry councillor, the son and the old man were opportunity providers to Nishan Shaman. Due to the son's death, Shaman got a chance to go to hell. The old man acted as a introducer who connects the ministry councillor, the son and Shaman; Nishan Shaman’s assistant, her husband and the goddess of fertility were companions when Shaman was in the hell. The assistant helped the shaman to enter the hell. Although her husband appeared to hurt Shaman, he let the shaman recognize her own travel obligations, thereby further completed her Completeness.The god dess of fertility told Shaman her born secrets and human values, which made her fully, understand the meaning of human life, complete self-improvement, and become total Shaman; her mother-in-law and the emperor shaman are brokers to the success of total Shaman. Third, there is an analysis and comprehension of the characters. For example, study among Shaman's husband, the son of the ministry councillor and her mother-in-law reflects Shaman’s duty of maintaining orders between hell and earth. The final analysis is spatial contrast of Shaman, which is the difference when she was on earth, in the hell and back on earth. Transferring through space three times resulted in a leap and completion of her thoroughly. The next is the analysis of Korean traditional witch mythology< Princess Bari >. First, the most story line of < Princess Bari > is recognized and sections are divided and analyzed. And then, the main characters appeared in , such as the king and six sisters, who stimulated human nature of Princess Bari and her husband Wuchangsheng and seven sons who stimulated her god hood are also analyzed. These condisacomparative analysis of relationship among different character stounder stand Princess Bari’s super natural behavior and process of completing various trials of Shaman and finally be coming the God. The last is the space conversion in "Barry Princess", there were also space conversion from earth to hell, and then back on earth among which characters topic of Princess Bari was analyzed to understand. The fourth part is a combination of " Nishan Shaman " and " Princess Bari " and a comparative analysis of he theme of consciousness in regards of structure , people and space. According to the analysis of integral structures of " Nishan Shaman " and " Princess Bari ", the differences between the two stories in the form and content are compared; From character analysis, the effects of characters to the leading character and their mutual relations are investigated and thereby further proved Nishan Shaman is half successful and half failed ‘semi- presence'. After Nishan Shaman threw her husband to Fengdu City in Hell and went back to see the Goddess of fertility, she completed self-improvement and became total Shaman. While when the back-on-earth Nishan Shaman could not be recognized by the emperor and her mother-in-law, she ended in being thrown into a dry well and dead. The Princess Bari improved from the bottom of society step by step, that was a process of a female orphan from the bottom rescuing her parents and becoming total shaman. Because she is their daughter, although being abandoned by their parents, Princess Bari forgave her ill father with a generous heart, and went to hell to look for the water of life for her parents. Princess Bari who was once a girl knowing nothing, had experienced hard labor in the hell, married a unloved man had children, and become a wife and mother. Why water for Life could save human life is because it was necessary for Princess Bari personally to experience being pregnant and giving birth to a baby and so that she could obtain that water. Therefore, the water of life was gained by Princess herself, not given by her husband. Meanwhile, during giving birth to seven children, Princess Bari endured seven times of pain, bared marrying unloved husband and the former hard work. All these were done for the parents who abandoned her and these also exhibited her tolerance and devotion beyond common people which made her eventually become the God.