본 연구는 공보육의 부재에도 불구하고 비교적 높은 여성취업율과 낮은 경력단절 비율을 보이는 중국의 특수성에 대한 질문에서 출발한다. 이에 대해 여성 노동시장, 출산정책, 가족주의가 보육실천(기관보육, 조부모보육, 육아휴직, 모보육)과 영향을 주고받는 보육체제 분석틀을 구성하여 역사사회학적 분석을 시도하였다. 신중국 건국 후 중국은 생산성 증가와 여성해방을 내세우는 정치적 목적으로 국가 주도로 여성의 노동시장 진출을 공식화했으며, 토지개혁과 혼인법 등 경제적·법적 제도 마련을 통해 여성의 경제적·사회적 토대를 마련하고자 했다. 여성노동 시장 진출 증가와 제도적 反가족주의의 영향은 공적 기관보육의 확대로 이어졌다. 특히 (모성보호가 아닌) ‘여직공’ 보호를 주창하며 단위탁아소와 가도탁아소 등 공적 기관보육이 확대되었고 아이모의 보육부담이 상대적으로 감소되었다. 이를 보육체제의 ‘여성노동중심 모델’로 부를 수 있다. 그러나 이는 여성의 일과 가정 ‘이중부담’이라는 한계를 가진 것이었다. 역사적으로 형성된 “여성도 상반(shang ban)을 해야 한다(女性也得上班)”는 여성노동자 정체성은 맞벌이 가족모델 형성과 이중부담 관행을 만들어, 개혁개방 이후 보육실천에 많은 영향을 미치게 된다.
This study starts with the question of the specificity of China, which has a high female employment rate and a low career break rate despite the absence of public care. To explain this the study attempts to use a historical sociology approach, constructing an analysis framework of ‘the childcare regime’ through which the women’s labor market, population policy, and familialism affect childcare practices (institutional childcare, grandparent care, parental leave, and mother care). After the founding of New China, the state encouraged women’s entry into the labor market for the political purpose of increasing productivity and promoting women’s liberation. It tried to lay the economic and social foundation for women through land reform and marriage law. The increased entry into the women’s labor market and the influence of institutional anti-familism led to the expansion of public institutional care. In particular, the state advocated the protection of female workers (rather than maternity protection) and expanded childcare in public institutions through facilities such as unit and kado childcare centers. This reduced the relative burden of childcare for mothers, and can be called the ‘women’s labor-centered model’ of childcare regime. However, it had the drawback of creating a double burden for women who now needed to do both work and family care. In terms of the formation of female After the founding of New China, the state encouraged women’s entry into the labor market for the political purpose of increasing productivity and promoting women’s liberation. It tried to lay the economic and social foundation for women through land reform and marriage law. The increased entry into the women’s labor market and the influence of institutional anti-familism led to the expansion of public institutional care. In particular, the state advocated the protection of female workers (rather than maternity protection) and expanded childcare in public institutions through facilities such as unit and kado childcare centers. This reduced the relative burden of childcare for mothers, and can be called the ‘women’s labor-centered model’ of childcare regime. However, it had the drawback of creating a double burden for women who now needed to do both work and family care. In terms of the formation of female