Optimal Primary Frequency Reserve Provision by an Aggregator Considering Nonlinear Unit Dynamics
- Resource Type
- Periodical
- Authors
- Miletic, M.; Krpan, M.; Pavic, I.; Pandzic, H.; Kuzle, I.
- Source
- IEEE Transactions on Power Systems IEEE Trans. Power Syst. Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on. 39(2):3045-3058 Mar, 2024
- Subject
- Power, Energy and Industry Applications
Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems
Frequency control
Power system dynamics
Time-frequency analysis
Batteries
Portfolios
Europe
Biological system modeling
Aggregator
power system dynamics
primary frequency control
primary frequency reserve
frequency containment reserve
reserve market
day-ahead market
- Language
- ISSN
- 0885-8950
1558-0679
Power system operators are increasingly procuring frequency regulation reserves from distributed energy resources via aggregators. Provision of the frequency regulation services by the aggregators can be studied from different aspects and by using different models, ranging from very-short-run to long-term scheduling models. By developing a methodology for ensuring the operational model's compliance with the dynamic constraints, this article bridges the gap between economic studies of the aggregator's frequency containment reserve market participation on the one hand and the distributed energy resources' dynamic response on the other. The article presents a mixed-integer linear program for the aggregator's portfolio management that incorporates constraints of individual units' fast dynamics, and validates them via dynamic simulations. The results demonstrate the importance of including reserve activation constraints when modelling storage technologies and settling time constraints when modelling conventional units.