Background: Adipocytokines play an important role in controlling energy homeostasis, and in various metabolic processes related to obesity. The aim of this study was to describe serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations in a sample of pubertal Spanish children and to evaluate their association with anthropometric parameters and body composition.Methods: The study included 833 pubertal boys and girls. Serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations were determined by ELISA.Results: Leptin concentrations were significantly higher (pConclusions: In summary, our study showed that, in pubertal children, leptin is related to weight, BMI, WC and HC and correlates even more strongly with % fat mass. However, adiponectin was weakly related to anthropometric variables and was not correlated with body fat.Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:707–11.