Among the dating methods in archaeology, thermoluminescence (TL) is widely developed. The present research concerns the construction chronology of the citadel of Termez (Uzbekistan) in the medieval period. On the methodological side along the TL study, we had to take into account two decisive factors that are expected to affect the accuracy: control of anomalous fading on the polymineral fraction (quartz and feldspars) and the effect of thermal treatments on the luminescence properties of the dated material. With regard to the determination of the annual dose, difficulties, associated with the evolution of the radiochemical composition of the dated samples and their environment over time, were overcome. The TL results, obtained on 24 bricks taken from 10 masonries essentially situated at the east of the citadel, are spread between the 11th and the 14th centuries. Averaged dates restrict the chronological interval to the 12th and 13th centuries for all structures. TL dating also allowed us to distinguish the various phases of construction of the citadel during the centuries, notably those of the fluvial wall. Moreover, our results appear to confirm, in an unquestionable way, that the citadel was not deserted after its sacking by the Mongols (in the 13th century).