Competing Interests: SR has served on advisory board for Novartis, Sarepta, Argenx, and Roche; participated as an investigator in clinical trials for Sarepta, Roche, Wave, Genetx, Argenx, Inois, and Santhera; and received speaker fees for educational meetings from Novartis and Roche. JP has received support for scientific meetings and honorariums for advisory work from Merck Serono, Novartis, Chugai, Alexion, Roche, Medimmune, Argenx, Vitaccess, UCB, Mitsubishi, Amplo, and Janssen; grants from Alexion, Argenx, Clene, Roche, Medimmune, and Amplo Biotechnology; holds a patent (reference P37347WO) and licence agreement for Numares’ multimarker multiple sclerosis diagnostics; has shares in AstraZeneca; has been awarded a European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) fellowship and a Sumaira Foundation grant to start later this year; is a Charcot fellow (worked in Oxford 2019–21); acknowledges partial funding to their NHS trust by highly specialised services provided by NHS England; is on the medical advisory boards of the Sumaira Foundation and The MOG Project charities; is a member of the Guthy Jackon Foundation Charity; is on the Board of the European Charcot Foundation, steering committee of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MS (MAGNIMS), the UK NHS England IVIG Committee, and is chairman of the NHS England neuroimmunology patient pathway and ECTRIMS Council member on the educational committee since June 2023; and is on the Association of British Neurologists advisory groups for multiple sclerosis and neuroinflammation and neuromuscular diseases.